THE SKELETAL SYSTEM

REFERENCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_skeleton#/media/File:Human_skeleton_front_en.                          svg

                         http://hes.ucfsd.org/gclaypo/skelweb/skel01.html

                         http://www.healthline.com/human-body-maps/skeletal-system

PERANAN PENOLONG PEGAWAI KESIHATAN PERSEKITARAN [PPKP] DI PUSAT PEMINDAHAN BANJIR

                                                       

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     SEBELUM BANJIR

1. Persediaan bagi kelengkapan Bilik Gerakan Banjir dari segi ruang dan peralatan.
2. Membuat lawatan dan penilaian tempat-tempat yang akan digunakan bagi penempatan mangsa        banjir.
3. Mengkaji persiapan di kawasan berisiko tinggi mengikut pengalaman dan sejarah masa dahulu  serta mengambil langkah pencegahan bagi mengelak kejadian penyakit-berjangkit.
4. Menyedia jadual tugas persenal kesihatan yang berkaitan serta terma rujuk tanggungjawab dan  aktiviti masing-masing.
5. Pembekuan cuti atau mengaturkan rancangan lain supaya terdapat personnal kesihatan semasa  banjir berlaku.
6. Semua hospital,pejabat kesihatan dan klinik kesihatan,klinik desa sentiasa bersiap sedia dari segi  logistik keperluan perkhidmatan kesihatan seperti tenaga manusia dan kelengkapan ubatan dan  peralatan kecemasan khususnya.
7. Nasihat dan memberi penerangan kesihatan melalui media massa dan elektronik serta di fasiliti  kesihatan mengenai langkah-langkah bagi menjaga kesihatan awam khususnya semasa banjir.
8. Maklumbalas kepada Ibu Pejabat KKM dan Bilik Gerakan Negeri dan pusat mengenai persiapan  dan keperluan khas maklumat persiapan banjir seperti nama ketua pegawai bertugas,alamat,bilik  operasi dan nombor telefon.


     SEMASA BANJIR

1. Berhubung dan menerima arahan dari komander Operasi Bencana di peringkat negeri dan daerah.
2. Mengadakan Bilik Operasi yang berkesan,lengkap dan beroperasi mengikut masa yang ditetapkan.
3. Memastikan semua langkah atau persiapan di semua peringkat bersedia dan bergerak jika keadaan  memerlukan untuk membantu penduduk.
4. Memantau keadaan penempatan sementara mangsa banjir mengikut format penempatan sementara  secara one-off [sekali sahaja] dan menghantar maklumat ke Bilik Operasi Banjir  [kesihatan]    diperingkat negeri dan kebangsaan.
5. Memantau keadaan kejadian penyakit-berjangkit khususnya penyakit-penyakit bawaan air.
6. Memantau keadaan banjir dan keperluan kesihatan awam yang berbeza-beza setiap hari mengikut  situasi banjir.
7. Memberi nasihat kepada ibu bapa jangan membiarkan kanak-kanak bermain banjir kerana takut  terkena penyakit bawaan air seperti kencing tikus[letopsfirosis],taun,e-coli dan sebagainya.
8. Meminta bantuan dari agensi lain seperti kemudahan pengangkutan udara atau melalui bot ke  tempat penempatan sementara.
9. Memberi semangat kepada mangsa-mangsa banjir terutamanya golongan orang tua dengan bercerita tentang keburukan apabila berlakunya banjir.
10. Mengerahkan unit kaunseling ke pusat pemindahan bagi membantu pihak kesihatan melakukan tugasan msaing-masing.

RESOURCE;
 ;https://www.facebook.com/malaysianppp/photos/pcb.1554051688170336/1554051651503673/?typ
 ;https://www.google.com.my/search?  ;q=peranan+pembantu+kesihatan+persekitaran+ketika+berlakunya+banjir&rlz=1C1ARAB_enMY4   3MY496&espv=2&biw=1366

 ;http://www.infosihat.gov.my/infosihat/media/garis_panduan/B/pdf/04_panduanBanjir_BM.pdf


 

PROGRAM SAHABAT [EHOSSA]

     Pada tiga minggu vang lepas,saya dan kawan-kawan dari bidang yang sama iaitu Diploma Kesihatan Persekitaran telah mengikuti program sahabat yang dianjurkan oleh EHOSSA [Environmental Health & Occupational Safety Student Association]. EHOSSA lebih dikenali dengan program sahabat kerana semua aktiviti disediakan akan dilakukan bersama-sama kawan. Program ini dijalankan di sebuah pantai yang indah dengan pemandangan cukup menenangkan fikiran. Pantai tersebut ialah Pantai Bangan Lalang yang tidak jauh dari Unisel. Seawal pagi pada pukul 7.00, kami dikerahkan oleh pensyarah untuk berkumpul di depan fakulti Bio Perubatan bagi memudahkan perjalanan kami ke sana dan di jangka tiba di pantai tersebut pada pukul 10.00 pagi. Jumlah kesemuanya ialah 60 orang pelajar dan di pantau oleh 6 orang pensyarah Bio Perubatan.                             

    Setelah tiba di pantai, kami dimaklumkan untuk masuk ke dalam kumpulan masing-masing yang telah siap dibahagikan kepada kami. Selepas itu,kami diberi taklimat berkaitan aktiviti yang akan berlangsung pada ketika itu dan dijangka tamat pada pukul 6.30 petang mengikut jadual. Semua kumpulan dikehendaki berbincang dengan ahli kumpulan untuk memikirkan nama kumpulan serta slogan kumpulan masing-masing. Semua kumpulan yang telah dibahagikan cukup relaven dan cukup bagus kerana bercampur dengan senior dan junior. Di situ kami dapat mengenali antara satu sama lain dan juga senior-senior dari bidang yang sama dan juga senior dari bidang [OSH].                                 

     Dari situ, kami diperkenalkan dengan semangat berpasukan, bantu-membantu, bekerjasama, patuh pada arahan ketua kumpulan,berkomunikasi dengan ahli kumpulan tanpa rasa segan-silu dan sebagainya. Aktiviti-aktiviti yang dianjurkan oleh EHOSSA secara tidak langsung dapat merapatkan hubungan silaturahim bersama rakan, menolong rakan diketika susah dan macam-macam lagi.Baru saya tahu macam mana kehidupan pelajar-pelajar di ipt atau institusi yang amat menyeronokkan disamping kawan-kawan. Kawan-kawan merupakan orang tua kepada kita, teman untuk berbicara dan sebagainya yang selalu menyokong,memberi nasihat,tujuk ajar dan macam-macam lagi.

   Di pantai tersebut,kami bermain-permainan yang dilakukan secara berkumpulan. Aktiviti-aktiviti tersebut ialah [Round the world,Pong Ping Tong,Smelly Bomb,Stincky stick,Danger zone,kahkahkah dan akhir sekali menuju puncak]. Aktiviti yang saya suka Danger Zone dan Kahkahkah kerana merupakan aktiviti yang sangat seronok apabila dilakukan secara beramai-ramai. Sepanjang aktiviti ini berlansung saya dapati kesemua peserta  terhibur,gembira,seronok dan macam-macam lagi kerenah diorang yang terpancar dari raub wajah masing-masing. Hidup saling bantu-membantu dan bekerjasama sangat penting dalam kehidupan kita. Tujuan [EHOSSA] menganjurkan  atau mengadakan aktiviti ini adalah untuk mengajar bahawa pentingnya hubungan silaturahim dan bak kata pepatah 'beratu kita teguh,bercerai kita roboh' sesama rakan untuk kebaikan kita kelak. Banyak nilai-nilai murni tang saya dapat daripada program tersebut antaranya hormat-menghormati,tolong-menolong,semangat berpasukan dan banyak lagi.Sampai disini saja yang sempat saya konsikan pengalaman saya pertama di intitusi pengajian tinggi dan juga saya tak akan lupa kenangan manis ini sampai bila-bila.Saya berharap agar [EHOSSA] dapat mengadakan aktiviti-aktiviti atau program sahabat ini lebih banyak serta menyeronokan lagi pada masa akan datang.                                          



7 FEBRUARI 2015-SABTU.
PANTAI BAGAN LALANG.
     

             

                                                                                                                                                                              Amirul-skeletal-unisel.jpeg


RESOURCE;http://biomed.unisel.edu.my/student/student-activity/attachment/sahabat-ehossa-unisel7/

                                                                               

MINAMATA DISEASE AND WATER BORNE DISEASE IN MALAYSIA

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Minamata disease: A disorder caused by methyl mercury poisoning that was first described in the inhabitants of Minamata Bay, Japan and resulted from their eating fish contaminated with mercury industrial waste. The disease is characterized by peripheral sensory loss, tremors, dysarthria, ataxia, and both hearing and visual loss.
-Even the unborn child is at risk from Minamata disease. Methyl mercury readily crosses the placenta from mother to fetus and is damaging, particularly to the developing brain. Children born with Minamata disease can have growth deficiency, microcephaly (an abnormally small head), severe mental retardation and be deaf and blind.
-Minamata disease has not been confined to Minamata where the source of the mercury was primarily from eating fish caught in the contaminated Bay. Other sources of maternal exposure to methyl mercury have included flour made from seed grain treated with methyl mercury (which affected at least 6,500 people in Iraq) and meat from animals raised on mercury-tainted grain (in New Mexico, USA)

Finding the Cause

Researchers from Kumamoto University also began to focus on the cause of the strange disease. They found that the victims, often members of the same family, were clustered in fishing hamlets along the shore of Minamata Bay. The staple food of victims was invariably fish and shellfish from Minamata Bay. The cats in the local area, who tended to eat scraps from the family table, had died with symptoms similar to those now discovered in humans. This led the researchers to believe that the outbreak was caused by some kind of food poisoning, with contaminated fish and shellfish the prime suspects.

Water Borne Disease In Malaysia

-The latest reported death from the bacterial disease leptospirosis was Saturday. The 17-year-old boy in northern Kedah state had swam in a river and had a picnic with friends at a recreational park last month, the New Straits Times and The Star reported.

-Several parks throughout the country have been closed since the first deaths were reported last month. Some deaths were believed to have been caused by a separate waterborne disease, and a Health Ministry official could not immediately say how many were caused by leptospirosis.

-The Health Ministry's website warns people not to swim in public rivers when it rains and to avoid taking a dip if they have cuts on their body, which makes an infection more likely.

-Leptospirosis is caused by exposure to water contaminated with urine of infected animals and absorbed through the skin. Rats are the main carriers, and the ministry's campaign urges people not to dump rubbish near water sources that could attract rats, he said.

-Cases of the disease have been increasing in Malaysia. It killed 62 people last year, up from 20 in 2004. In the same period, the number of infections rose more than fivefold to more than 1,400 cases, up from 263.

Symptoms are severe muscle pain, fever, vomiting and headache, and leptospirosis is curable if the person is treated within a week.

RESOURCE;http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14083

http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=14083

http://content.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,1986457_1986501_1986450,00.html
http://phys.org/news201776576.html

SCOLIOSIS

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Overview

- Two percent of people are affected by this deformation of the spine, which causes the normally straight spine to curve.

Causes

-While scoliosis can run in families, in most cases its cause is unknown.

- It frequently develops before puberty and goes unnoticed because it often causes no pain. 

-In adults, scoliosis may develop due to worsening of a slight curvature from childhood, or it could be caused by degenerative diseases of the spine such as kyphosis or osteoporosis.

Symptoms

-Scoliosis can limit a person’s ability to move normally.

- It can also bring on pain and reduced ability to breathe if a misshapen rib cage restricts normal lung growth.

Identifying Scoliosis

-Warning signs include uneven shoulders, a protrusion of one or both shoulder blades, an uneven waist or an elevated hip.

- A person experiencing any of these symptoms should see a physician for an accurate diagnosis.

Treatment

-Most people with scoliosis don’t need treatment.
- Early detection is important, because medical observation is needed during the growing years to make sure the curve doesn’t worsen.
- If intervention is needed, an orthopedic brace may prevent further curvature.






RESOURCE;   http://www.atlantapainmanagementcenters.com/services/conditions/scoliosis/                                 

MUSCLE ATROPHY

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What is Muscle Atrophy?

Muscle atrophy is the loss or wasting of muscle tissue throughout the body. There are two basic ways in which this disease can form. The most severe form of this disease is neurogenic atrophy, a disease caused when an injury or disease harms the nerve which attaches to the muscle. This damage can occur quite suddenly. The second type of this disease is disuse atrophy which is caused by a lack of physical activity.

Symptoms of Muscle Atrophy

Weak and flabby muscle - The first sign that you are suffering from muscle atrophy is that the muscles will become weak and flabby. You may notice that the muscles on your body are not sitting in the same position that they used to or that your skin is starting to stretch from the weight of the muscles hanging in a way that they did not previously. You may also notice that it is becoming difficult to perform exercise routines, basic lifting or other tasks that you were once able to perform.

Damaged muscle - In the case of neurogenic muscle atrophy, you may notice a stooped posture where the muscle has become damaged. This can be more difficult to notice initially, but the posture may become more pronounced over time as the condition becomes worse. If something feels abnormal, even if you are not aware of a major shift in your ability to stand upright or hold your body in its normal position, it may be worth having your condition looked at to ensure that nothing is wrong.

Pain and difficulty in moving - Patients may also notice that they have frequent back pain or difficulty walking if they begin to develop muscle atrophy. These can be a result of either type of the disease. Other symptoms such as ham string contractures, limited range of neck motion or rigid spine may begin to form as your condition becomes worse. An overall stiffness or difficult, heavy feeling when you attempt to move has also been described by patients.

Heart failure- In more extreme cases you may begin to develop heart failure from muscle atrophy. As muscles become weaker it can become difficult for your heart to pump as efficiently, and it will eventually fail from a lack of use.

Treatments of Muscle Atrophy

In most cases, exercise can help reverse the effects of muscle atrophy. In the case of severely bedridden patients, you may not be able to completely reverse the effects of muscle atrophy, but you can help cease the damage which has been done to the body. If your condition is serious it is important to work with a doctor or therapist to develop a program that will not put excessive amounts of strain on your heart and damaged muscles.

Patients suffering from muscle atrophy caused by nerve damage may require musculoskeletal manipulations in order to relieve the pressure on the nerve which is causing the damage. This will help return the connection to the muscle so that you can begin to work on the progress of working the muscle back to its original state

RESOURCE:http://www.md-health.com/Muscle-Atrophy.html

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BASIC SKELETAL SYSTEM AND IT FUNCTION

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Skeletal System

The human skeletal system performs a number of key functions in the human body. The key functions of the human skeletal system are:

• Support: Our bones provide the rigidity we need to function.
• Protection: The rigidity of our bones allows them to protect our internal organs from damage for example the rib cage and the skull.
• Movement: Without the strength of our bones we wouldnt be able to move our muscles are anchored to our bones.
• Storage: Our bones are a storehouse for fat and certain essential minerals. 

• 
  

• Divisions of Human Skeleton:

• Human skeleton can be divided into two divisions.
• 
  
• Axial Skeleton:
  Blood cell formation: Most of our blood components are made in the bones.

• Skull: Skull is that part of human skeleton that forms the bony framework of the head. It consists of 22 different bones that are divided into two groups: bones of cranium and bones of face. 
• Vertebral Column: It is a flexible column of vertebrae, connecting the trunk of human body to the skull and appendages. It is composed of 33 vertebrae which are divided into 5 regions: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal. 
• Rib Cage: It is a bony cage enclosing vital human organs formed by the sternum and ribs. There are 12 pairs of ribs that are divided into three groups: True ribs, False ribs, and Floating ribs. 

SOURCE:

http://www.nrpt.co.uk/training/body/skeletal/index.htm
http://www.mananatomy.com/body-systems/skeletal-system

ENVIRONMENT EPIDEMIOLOGY

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DEFINE EPIDEMIOLOGY                                                             

Epidemiology is the science that studies the patterns, causes, and effects of health and disease conditions in defined populations. It is the cornerstone of public health, and informs policy decisions and evidence-based practice by identifying risk factors for disease and targets for preventive healthcare

FUNCTION OF EPIDEMIOLOGY

 Epidemiologists help with study design, collection, and statistical analysis of data, and interpretation and dissemination of results (including peer review and occasional systematic review). Epidemiology has helped develop methodology used in clinical research, public health studies, and, to a lesser extent, basic research in the biological sciences.

Major areas of epidemiological study includedisease etiology, transmission,outbreak investigation, 
disease surveillance and screening, biomonitoring, and comparisons of treatment effects such as in clinical trials. Epidemiologists rely on other scientific disciplines like biology to better understand disease processes, statistics to make efficient use of the data and draw appropriate conclusions, social sciences to understand proximate and distal causes better, and engineering for exposure assessment.

JOHN SNOW & EPIDEMIOLOGY

-John Snow is famous for his investigations into the causes of the 19th century cholera epidemics, and is also known as the father of (modern) epidemiology.He began with noticing the significantly higher death rates in two areas supplied by Southwark Company. His identification of the Broad Street pump as the cause of the Soho epidemic is considered the classic example of epidemiology. Snow used chlorine in an attempt to clean the water and removed the handle. Other pioneers include Danish physician Peter Anton Schleisner, who in 1849 related his work on the prevention of the epidemic of neonatal tetanus on the Vestmanna Islands in Iceland. Another important pioneer was Hungarian physician Ignaz Semmelweis, who in 1847 brought down infant mortality at a Vienna hospital by instituting a disinfection procedure. Disinfection did not become widely practiced until British surgeon Joseph Lister 'discovered' antiseptics in 1865 in light of the work of Louis Pasteur.

-Another breakthrough was the 1954 publication of the results of a British Doctors Study, led by Richad Doll and Austin Bradford Hill, which lent very strong statistical support to the suspicion that tobacco smoking was linked to lung cancer.

In the late 20th century, with advancement of biomedical sciences, a number of molecular markers in blood, other biospecimens and environment were identified as predictors of development or risk of a certain disease. Epidemiology research to examine the relationship between these biomarkers analyzed at the molecular level and disease was broadly named “molecular epideiologym”..While most molecular epidemiology studies are still using conventional disease diagnosis and classification systems, it is increasingly recognized that diseaseluti evoon represents inherently heterogeneous processes differing from person to person.
 Studies to examine the relationship between an exposure and molecular pathologic signature of disease (particularly cancer) became increasingly common throughout the 2000s. However, the use of molecular pathology in epidemiology posed unique challenges including lack of research guidelines and standardized statistical methodologies, and paucity of interdisciplinary experts and training programs. To resolve these issues and advance population health science in the era of moleculare, precision medicine “ prmoleculaathology” and “epidemiology” was integrated to create a new interdisciplinary field of “molecular pathological epidemiology” (MPE), defined as “epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease.

SOURCE;;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epidemiology#cite_note-25

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FUNCTION OF THE INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

                                       

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The integumentary system (skin) has been called a membrane and an organ but, it is generally considered a system because it has organs that work together as a system. It is sometimes considered an organ because it contains several types of tissues and a membrane and it covers the body. 

    

The skin is the largest organ of the body and includes associated organs and derivatives of the skin such as hair, nails, glands, and specialized nerve endings. One square centimeter of skin contains approximately 70 cm of blood vessels, over 100 glands, and well over 200 sensory receptors!  For this reason, it is virtually impossible to find an area of the skin that is insensitive to sensations of touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain, or vibration.

   

 Skin serves the primary function of protection. It also cushions internal organs and serves as the first line of defense from infection and injury. It is waterproof, stretchable, and capable of repairing itself. 

    

Three main layers make up the skin:

1. Epidermis: the outer layer of skin. It is made up of 5-6 layers with no blood vessels. The layers (outer to innermost) are the stratum corneum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and the stratum germinativum which replaces the outer layers with new cells. The stratum lucidum is found primarily in the palms of the hands and the soles of the feet. It adds additional thickness to the skin where greater friction typically occurs.

2. Dermis: also called corium or "true skin". The dermis contains elastic connective tissue, blood vessels, involuntary muscle, sweat and oil glands, and hair follicles. The dermis consists of two principal portions. The more superficial portion consists of areolar connective tissue with many fine elastic fibers.  Papillae cover the top of the dermis which fit into ridges on the stratum germinativum. These ridges form lines (fingerprints or footprints) on the skin which is unique to each individual. This region is called the papillary region. The deeper portion of the dermis is the region which consists of dense, irregular connective tissue intertwined with course elastic fibers.

3. Hypodermis: also called subcutaneous fascia. It is the innermost layer and is made up of loose, connective tissues like areolar and adipose (fatty) tissue. About half the body's supply of adipose tissue is found in the subcutaneous fat. It is an excellent insulator and shock absorber, and anchors the skin to the organs below.

    

The integumentary system has two main types of glands: sudoriferous (sweat) glands and sebaceous (oil) glands. 

   

 The principal types of sudoriferous glands are eccrine, apocrine, ceruminous, and mammary. Eccrine are the most common and function primarily in thermoregulation by the production of sweat. The sweat (perspiration) eliminated by these glands contain water, salts, and some body wastes. Apocrine are confined to the anogenital and axillary regions of the body and produce sweat that contains fatty substances and proteins and may be analogous to sexual scent glands of animals. 

    The sebaceous glands produce a lipid based secretion called sebum, an oil that keeps the skin and hair from becoming dry and brittle ans serves as a bactericide. When an oil gland becomes plugged, the accumulation of dirt and oil results in a blackhead or pimple.

    Hair consists of a root, which grows in a hollow tube called a follicle, and a shaft. Hair helps protect the body. 

    Nails are made of tightly packed, keratinized cells. The nail body is the visible portion with a free edge which may extend past the distal end of the digit. The nail root extends into a fold of skin and is continuous with the stratum basale of the epidermis. The region of the nail body that overlies the nail matrix appears as a white crescent called the lanula. Nails protect the end of the digits and serve as "tools" for the manipulation of small objects. 

SOURCE:
http://www.hopperinstitute.com/cap_skin.html